Hart 19662 (The Blackburn Museum & Art Gallery)
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R. E. Hart Collection
Contents
Summary of Contents: Twenty-seven folios, primarily illustrated, detached from a mid-sixteenth century Safavid manuscript of the Akhlāq-i Muḥsinī (Morals of the Beneficent). A highly influential and widel-read text on ethics, it contains forty chapters on different moral topics. While author Vāʿiẓ Kāshifī Sabzivārī (d. ca. 1504) dedicated it to Timurid ruler Sulṭān Ḥusayn Bayqarā (b. 1438, r. 1469–1506), he composed it for the ruler's son, Abū al-Muḥsin Mīrzā (d. 1507). These detached folios feature the original lavishly illuiminated opening and depictions executed by the same artist.Title: Akhlāq-i MuḥsinīTitle: اخلاق محسنیTitle: Morals of the BeneficentIncipit: حضرت پادشاه علی الاطلاق عزت كلمته و جلت عظمته منشور دولت سلطان المرسلين و متمم اخلاق المحسنين محمد النبي الامي الا مين را صلوات الله و سلامه علیه و اله اجمعین بطغرای غرای «[وَ]إِنَّكَ لَعَلى خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ» مرتفع و مزین کردانید زیرا که جسن خلق نوریست از انوار حکمت آلهی…Language(s): PersianFor another folio that sold at auction, see Sotheby's London (26 April 2023), lot 38.
Physical Description
Form: sheetSupport: Written on cross-grained ivory coloured paper, probably made in the Safavid Empire.Extent: 27 detached foliosDimensions (leaf): 235 × 135 mm.Dimensions (written): 190 × 92 mm.Collation
Undetermined. Catchwords only appear for the Khamsah in ruled triangles on the lower-left corners of the b sides.Condition
Handle with caution. In fair but stable condition with corrosion due to verdigris copper acetate in the marginal ruling, and related historical repairs on some folios.Layout
Central text written in one column with 12 lines per page. Ruled with a misṭarah hand guide.
Hand(s)
Written in clear, elegant black nasta‘līq script.
Decoration
An initial folio features the illuminated opening on presumably folio 1b, while twenty-six illustrations feature the following scenes:
Opening: A detached illuminated opening of the work features a domed scalloped mandorla surmounted by a detached gold medallion, with split cloud-collar motifs between at right at left, with a blank horizontal gilt cartouche with within a rectangle below, infilled floral scrollwork set against an ultramarine ground.
Illustrations:
- Chapter 2 on Sincerity
King enthroned outdoors attended by two young men at left, executed on a bright coral ground. The margin at left features a youth holding a bound captive while an older man and youth discuss the scene from above. It illustrates a scene where a ruler forgives a captive who insulted him.
120 × 92 mm. - Chapter 3 on Prayer
Battle scene, with slain soliders at right. It illustrates a passage on employing prayer to avert the evil a violent conflict.
164 × 119 mm. - Chapter 3 on Prayer, con't
A young prince, a youth, a bearded man, who removes his turban, and a dervish seated on his sheepskin in the right margin all pray in gratitude under a golden sky, after a torrential, days-long devastating rainstorm concludes. overhead, while watches.
116 × 133 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. - Chapter 8 on Modesty
A youth and bearded man in foreground approach a king and his attendant on horseback, while another bearded man watches from the right margin. It illustrates a scene where a man offers a ruler turbid water he believes tastes sweet as he never tasted truly sweet water before, but the king responds with kindness and rewards him.
104 × 100 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. - Chapter 12 on Resolve
A bearded man kneels before an enthroned prince outdoors in a rocky landscape, with attendants at left and right, while youth stands in the foreground, and two horses graze in the right margin. It illustrates a story of a prince who habitually ate clay resulting in infirmity. A darvish encourages him to strive for resolve to overcome his dilemma.
91 × 114 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. - Chapter 15 on Forgiveness
An old woman and cow approach Sassanian king Qubād enthroned, with two attendants beside him, while a youth in the right margin watches. It illustrates a scene where the woman disrespectfully permits her cow to soil carpets indoors, which the king forgives.
91 × 114 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. - Chapter 15 on Justice
A king sits enthroned, eyes closed, while another king approaches with two attendants, one outside the margin and a groom tends to two horses behind rocks at right. It illustrates a scene where an attendant to the king suffers a scorpion bite but still maintains his composure before the king.
153 × 118 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. - Chapter 17 on Gentleness
Imām Ḥusayn stands with a flaming aureole that extends into the upper margin, attended a servant and two youths.
72 × 98 mm.
31 × 17 mm. - Chapter 21 on Benevolence and Charity
An elderly man at right docks his boat at a pier by the ocean, attended by a youth while other young men approach from the right.
119 × 85 mm.
Ocean waves underneath appear in friable condition. - Chapter 21 on Benevolence and Charity, con't.
A young prince enthroned at right sits beside a dish with three cones on a blue background, while facing another young nobleman on a smaller throne, attended by a youth who protrudes into the margin, and another youth who leans on his staff, watching.
119 × 85 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. - Chapter 21 on Benevolence and Charity, con't.
A young prince wears a golden turban within a tent set against a golden hill, with an attendant to his left, and three young men in the background rendered against a bright blue sky, while a horse grazes in the margins.
119 × 85 mm.
53 × 36 mm. - Chapter 22 on Humility and Respect.
Young prince with an attendant to his left sits under a dome and greets an old man who approaches him with a horse.
164 × 119 mm. - Chapter 25 on Sincerity.
A king sits enthroned outdoors with two attendants, the one at left holds a mace, while a soldier on the right margin holds two bound young men captive.
102 × 122 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. - Chapter 27 on Ability.
A young prince sits enthroned outdoors with a bearded man and attendant, while a youth in the in left margin leans on his staff and watches.
97 × 104 mm. - Chapter 28 on Deliberation.
A king sits enthroned outdoors at left opposite two youths at right, while another in the right margin carries a sword.
97 × 104 mm. - Chapter 29 on Resolve and Foresight.
A young prince wearing a crown scales down from a building after murdering a bearded man within, while an astonished servant discovers the body.
138 × 97 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. Friable areas evident in the turquoise layer at right and central panels. - Chapter 31 on Zeal.
A young prince on horseback greets a man in a tent in the left margin, while another man grooms his horse behind and a youth behind the rocky knoll watches in the background, and sheep graze in margin at bottom.
121 × 114 mm.
77 × 31 mm. - Chapter 31 on Zeal, con't.
A young prince sits enthroned under a rooftop holds a long mace while a bearded attendant stands to his left, and another young man approaches from opposite.
103 × 98 mm.
18 × 26 mm. - Chapter 32 on Politics
A young gardener greets a prince on horseback approaching from the right margin.
72 × 122 mm.
Catchword present at lower-left. - Chapter 33 on Vigilance and Experience
A young man presents an encaged bird to a bearded king enthroned outdoors. A another youth sits in the foreground, while another in the right margin leans on his staff and watches.
104 × 93 mm. - Chapter 34 on Insight
A king sits enthroned outdoors attended by two youths at right, observed by a bearded man on the right margin.
91 × 98 mm. - Chapter 36 on Seizing Opportunity and Seeking Good Fortune
An elderly man approaches a prince enthroned outdoors while an attendant watches on the far right.
76 × 71 mm. - Chapter 36 on Seizing Opportunity and Seeking Good Fortune, con't
A king visits a sage in a cave seeking advice.
89 × 101 mm.
- Chapter 38 on Conversing with the Good
A king sitting on a carpet outdoors, attended by a youth, converses with a bearded man, with books apparent in the foreground.
80 × 70 mm. - Chapter 39 on Defense against the Wicked
Four kings sit together on a veranda outdoors while a young man at left leans on his staff.
136 × 97 mm. - Chapter 40 on Training Servants
Sulṭān Maḥmūd of Ghazna at left with a 'Turkish youth', Ayāz̦ at right.
136 × 97 mm.
Ruling: central text margins ruled in thick gold outlined in thin black single lines, alternating with thick bright orange and green verdigris, surrounded by single thin black and comparatively thick in black, and further surrounded by red and blue lines. Verdigris in poor condition in some areas.
History
Origin: Probably completed in the Safavid Empire; , undated but probably mid-late 16th century CE.Provenance and Acquisition
While the circumstances under which these folios were removed from the manuscript and its arrival in Britain remain unclear, collector Robert Edward Hart (1878-1946) acquired them from an unidentified source.
Bequeathed to the Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery, Blackburn, Lancashire, after the death of Robert Edward Hart (1878-1946) in 1946.
Record Sources
Manuscript description by Jake Benson in 2026 with reference to the volume in hand.
Availability
If you wish to make an inquiry please email museum@blackburn.gov.uk.
Bibliography
Kamāl al-Dīn Ḥusayn bin ʿAlī Bayhaqī Vāʿiẓ Kāshifī Sabzivārī, Akhlāq-i Muḥsinī Hertford: Stephen Auston, 1850.C. Rieu, Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum, Vol. II (London: British Museum, 1881), p. 514 [British Library Add. 25584].Sotheby's London, Arts of the Islamic World and India, including Fine Rugs and Carpets (26 April 2023), lot 38.Funding of Cataloguing
The Soudavar Memorial Foundation
- Chapter 2 on Sincerity
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