Union Catalogue of Manuscripts from the Islamicate World

Persian MS 861 (The John Rylands Research Institute and Library, The University of Manchester)

Persian Manuscripts

Contents

Summary of Contents: A complete copy of the Būstān (Fragrant Orchard) by Saʻdī Shīrazī (ca. 1213–1292), one of the most revered works by this preeminent Persian Ṣūfī poet, which he composed in 655 AH (1257 CE). Together with his Gulistān (Rose Garden), both the literary style and structure of the work profoundly influenced subsequent writers. The work opens with an introduction in which the author praises God and his patrons, the Salghurd-era rulers of Fars province from their capital at Shiraz, Saʿd I (Saʿd ibn Zangī, r. 1198–1226), his son Abū Bakr ibn Saʿd ibn Zangī (r. 1226–1260), and grandson Muḥammad bin Abū Bakr ibn Saʿd ibn Zangī (fl. 13th c.). The text comprises ten chapters on topics such as ethics, government, love, contentment, humility, repentance, and other subjects, embellished throughout with anecdotes and tales from the author's life and travels. Famed Mughal-era court calligrapher Muḥammad Ḥusayn Kashmīrī, known as Zarrīn Qalam copied this volume. While it bears part of the original illuminated headpiece, it appears otherwise unfinished, for it lacks any other headers. Subsequently acquired by William Jackson (1753–1807), who served for 30 years in Calcutta until his death in 1807, then James Ross (1759–1831), who translated the Gulistan and intended to publish his translation this work as well; however, he passed away before he completed it.
Title: Būstān
Explicit: برگ ۲۸۷ر (folio 287a): بضاعت نیاوردم الا امید * خدایا زعفوم مکن ناامید
Colophon: برگ ۲۸۷ر (folio 287a): تمت الکتاب بعون الملک الوهاب حرّره فقیر حقیر محمد حسین کشمیری تم.
Language(s): Persian
1. Folio 1b
Title: Introduction
Incipit: (basmala) برگ ۱پ (folio 1b): بنام خداوند جان آفرین * حکیم سخن در زبان آفرین.
2.
Title: بباب اول در در تدبیر ملک و رای
Title: Chapter 1: On the Wisdom of Ruling
3.
Title: باب دوم در احسان
Title: Chapter 2: On Philanthropy and Gratitude to Almighty God.
4.
Title: باب سوم در عشق
Title: Chapter 3: On Love.
5.
Title: باب چهارم در تواضع
Title: Chapter 4: On Humility.
6.
Title: باب پنجم در رضا
Title: Chapter 5: On Satisfaction.
7.
Title: باب ششم در قناعت
Title: Chapter 6: On Contentment.
8.
Title: باب ششم در قناعت
Title: Chapter 7: On Contentment.
9.
Title: باب هشتم در شکر و عافیت
Title: Chapter 7: On Thankfulness and Blessings.
10.
Title: باب نهم در توبه
Title: Chapter 7: On Repentence.
11.
Title: [باب دهم]
Title: [Chapter 10: Epilogue.]

This chapter lacks a heading.

Physical Description

Form: codex
Support: Textblock of medium-weight, straight-grained, very fine and evenly-formed externally sized and polished, cream-coloured paper probably handmade in the Mughal Empire with ~16 laid lines per cm and no discernible chain lines, decorated with two-column stencils and finely atomized gold prior to writing. Surrounding attached margins of comparatively unevenly formed, medium-weight cross-grained pink-tinted paper with ~8 laid lines per cm and no discernible chain lines.
Extent: 287 folios, 8 flyleaves (ff. v + 287 + iii).
Dimensions (leaf): 212 × 130 mm.
Dimensions (written): 111 × 62 mm.
Foliation: Unfoliated, with modern pencilled Arabic pagination inconsistently added to the first ten then sporadically thereafter, but then inexplicably stop.

Collation

Undetermined. Catchwords throughout most of the lower-left corners of the b sides.

Condition

Handle text with caution. In fair condition, with many breaks in the marginal ruling, extensive water and insect damage and resulting discolouration on the margins, and historical repairs throughout, especially in the gutters.

Layout

Written in 2 columns with 12 lines in the centres, with occasional obliquely written passages. Ruled with a misṭarah hand guide.

Hand(s)

Written in clear black nasta‘līq hand with red subheaders by Muḥammad Ḥusayn Kashmīrī.

Decoration

Illumination: Folios 1b bears an uninscribed gold catouche gilt palmette foliate scrollwork on an ultramarine ground, surrounded by an elaborately entwined marginal design and verdigris copper green marginal ruling.
46 × 63 mm.

Ruling: Text margins ruled in gold outlined with thin single internal and double external black lines surrounded by single blue lines.

Additions:
Marginalia: Notes in various hands of former owners including Ross and Forbes throughout.
Inscriptions: The first right flyleaf b side (f. ib) bears the numbered ‘D. F. 243’ and price of ‘£6.16.6’ pencilled at bottom, both pertaining to former owner Duncan Forbes' catalogue.
Bookplates and labels: Left pastedown: ‘Bibliotheca Lindesiana’ with pencilled shelfmark ‘F/10’, and white label bearing an earlier Lindesiana class mark ‘Persian MSS No. 67’, with the number crossed out and ‘861’ written aside.

Binding

Originally bound in the Indian subcontinent possibly for former owner William Jackson in or after ca. 1788, and then subsequently restored in London for Duncan Forbes after circa 1824.

Ivory wove endpapers dated 1824, stiff-leaved with flocked dark gray paper for the pastedowns and flyleaves added to the beginning and end, then resewn on three flat thongs or tapes. Edges trimmed, left undecorated but polished, with striped cloth endbands adhered to head and tail. Originally covered in full dark brown goatskin leather over pasteboards. Spine subsequently replaced with black straight-grained Morocco goatskin leather, hollow-backed.

Boards decorated with gilt paper onlays featuring scalloped central mandorlas, horizontal cartouches, and detached pendants joined by single vertical ruled lines, and cornerpieces, also connected by single gold lines, surrounded by double gold lines, with another pair of gold lines ruled along the board edges. Replaced spine panels bear double fillet lines, with large quatrefoil central designs and the author's name and title lettered, all in gold.

222 × 138 × 37 mm.

Handle binding with caution. In fair but stable condition condition, with corners bumped and exposed, onlays extensively abraded, extensive wear to the head and tail caps.

Seal(s):

Folio 1b, top, bears two impressions of the same oval intaglio-carved in three stacked nasta‘līq script lines read from the middle upwards then ending at the bottom, double-ruled with the name of William Jackson dated ‘year 12’, possibly 1212 AH (1700–1701 CE).
‘۱۲ مستر ولیم جکسن سنه’
21 × 26 mm.

History

Origin: Probably completed in the Mughal Empire; undated but late 16th century to 1620 CE.

Provenance and Acquisition

Later obtained by William Jackson (1753–1807), probably in Calcutta (Kolkata) where he served for 30 years ultimately at Registrar of the Supreme Court. After his death, presumably inherited by then sold by his surviving family members.

Subsequently acquired by an unidentified individual named ‘John Neale Esq’, who presented it to Persian scholar James Ross (1759–1831) in Exeter on 19 Sept 1818.

Thereafter possibly either sold or given by Ross to King's College Professor of Oriental Languages Duncan Forbes (1798–1868), who describes the volume in his published catalogue (p. 27, no. 78), before he sold his manuscript collection to his publisher W. H. Allen & Co. in exchange for an annuity. Subsequently sold by that firm to Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford (1812–1880) in 1866.

Purchased by Enriqueta Rylands (1843–1908) in 1901 from James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford (1847–1913).

Bequeathed by Enriqueta Rylands (1843–1908) in 1908 to the John Rylands Library, Manchester.

Record Sources

Bibliographical description based on an index created by Reza Navabpour circa 1993, derived from a manuscript catalogue by Michael Kerney, circa 1890s, concisely published as Bibliotheca Lindesiana, Hand-list of Oriental Manuscripts: Arabic, Persian, Turkish, 1898.

Manuscript description by Jake Benson in 2024 with reference to the volume in hand.

Availability

To book an in-person or online appointment to consult the manuscript, visit Using the Special Collections Reading Rooms. For any other enquiries please email uml.special-collections@manchester.ac.uk.

Bibliography

    A. F. L. Beeston, Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindûstânî, and Pushtû Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Part III (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954), p. 31, no. 2584 [Bodl. Ms. Whinfield 44].
    E. G. Browne, Literary History of Persia, Vol. II (London: T. F. Unwin, 1906), pp. 225–254.
    H. Ethé, Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, Vol. I (Oxford: Printed for the India Office by H. Hart, 1903) col. 656, no. 1117/4 [BL IO Islamic 876, &c.].
    T. W. Haig, and J. H.Kramers, 'Saʿdī', Encyclopaedia of Islam 1st ed., Vol. IV (Leiden: Brill 1936), p. 1345.
    P. Losensky, 'Saʿdī', Encyclopædia Iranica Online (2000).
    D. N. Marshall, Mughals in India: A Bibliographical Survey. Vol. 1. Manuscripts (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1962), p. 424, no. 1609(i).
    S. Rafiee-Rad, 'Persian Manuscripts in Samuel Robinson’s Collection in The John Rylands Library', Manuscripta: A Journal for Manuscript Research, Vol. 61, No. 2 (2017): pp. 266–268, pls 7–8 [Rylands Persian MS 986].
    C. Rieu, Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the British Museum, Vol. II (London: British Museum, 1881), p. 597 [British Library Add. 24944/7].
    E. Sachau and H. Ethé, Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindûstani, and Pushtû manuscripts in the Bodleian Library Vol I (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1889), col. 525, no. 681 [Bodleian. Ouseley Add. 39 (work 15)].
    U. Sims-Williams, 'Collections Within Collections Iran Vol. 59, No. 2 (2020): pp. 1–4.
    G. M. Wickens, 'Būstān', Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6 (1990), pp. 573–574.
    Sa‘dī, Morals Pointed and Tales Adorned: The Būstān of Saʻdī. Translated by G. M. Wickens. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.

Funding of Cataloguing

Iran Heritage Foundation

The John Rylands Research Institute

The Persian Heritage Foundation


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