Union Catalogue of Manuscripts from the Islamicate World

Persian MS 4 (The John Rylands Research Institute and Library, The University of Manchester)

Persian Manuscripts

Contents

Summary of Contents: This manuscript of an anonymous Persian translation of the ʻAjā’ib al-Makhlūqāt va Gharāʼib al-Mawjūdāt (Wonders of Creation and Oddities of Existence), Qazvīnī's famous medieval Arabic cosmography, appears incomplete but nevertheless contains some 200 illustrations in a refined late Mughal style. The volume consists of two distinct segments. The initial portion from folios 1b to 126b, copied in very neat nasta‘līq script, dates to the late Mughal era and bears numerous repairs. The remainder, rendered in a comparatively hasty hand on entirely different paper stock in excellent condition, devoid of restoration, bears a colophon declaring completion on 8 Ẕī-al-Qa‘dah, 45th year of the reign of Shāh ‘Alām II (19 Feb. 1804 CE). That suggests a prior owner acquired an either unfinished or damaged, incomplete manuscript, then had it restored with the missing text added.
Author and Translator: Anonymous
Title: ʻAjāyib al-Makhlūqāt
Title: عجايب المخلوقات
Title: عجايب المخلوقات و غرائب الموجودات
Title: ʻAjā’ib al-Makhlūqāt va Gharāʼib al-Mawjūdāt
Title: ʻAjā’ib al-Makhlūqāt wa Gharāʼib al-Mawjūdāt
Rubric: برگ ۱پ (folio 1b): کتاب عجایب المخلوقات
Incipit: (basmala) العظمة لک و الکبریاء لجلال لک اللهم یا قایم الذات و مفیض الخیرات واجب الوجود واهب العقول و فاطر السموات والارض مبدی الحرکة و الزمان و مبدع الخیر و المکان و جاعل النور و الظلمات محرک الافلاک الدایرات م مزینها بالنجوم الثوابت السیارات مقالون فانواع الحیوانات و اضاف الحادن و النبتات دام حمد و جل ثناوک وتعال ذکرک و تقدرست اسماءک فلک الابتداء و الیک الانتهاء و بقدرتک مکنونات الاشیاء احصی صناء علیک.
Explicit: برگ ۱۹۳ر (folio 193a): ...شنیدم که در عهد کنانیان(؟) رو میان طیار و آنرا مبارک نقط مبارک
Colophon: برگ ۱۹۳ر (folio 193a): این کتاب را ختم کردم والله لاصواب تمام شد تسخه عجایب المخلوقات و صلی علیه و سلم سید یا محمد و اله اجمعین روز جمعه بوقت دوپهر(؟) تایخ هشتم ذیقعده سنه ۴۵ جلوس هجری شاه عالم با شاه غزی.
Colophon: Second portion of the text completed on 8 Ẕī-al-Qa‘dah, 45th year of the reign of Shāh ‘Alām II (19 Feb. 1804 CE).
Language(s): Persian

For other copies of this work held in the Rylands, see Persian MS 1, 2, 3, 37, and 374.

Physical Description

Form: codex
Support: Textblock of two types of paper, both probably handmade in the Indian subcontinent. Folios 1b to 126b comprised of thin-weight, very fine and evenly-formed, cross-grained, externally sized and polished, cream-coloured stock with ~10 laid lines per cm and no discernible chain lines. Thereafter a comparatively thin weight, translucent, straight-grained, externally sized and polished, ivoury-cloured stock, with ~8 laid lines per cm and no discernible chain lines.
Extent: 193 folios, 8 flyleaves (ff. iii + 193 + v).
Dimensions (leaf): 321 × 200 mm.
Dimensions (written): 240 × 133 mm.
Foliation: Hindu-Arabic numerals on the upper-left corners of the a sides throughout, with many subsequently trimmed, with others supplemented in a pencilled hand on the final folios.

Collation

Undetermined. Catchwords throughout most of the lower-left corners of the b sides.

Condition

Text in good condition, with very moisture and insect damage and historical repairs to the initial portion.

Layout

Written in 1 column with 19 lines per page. Ruled with a misṭarah hand guide.

Hand(s)

Folios 1b to 126b written in clear black nasta‘līq with red subheaders.

folios 127a to 193a written in comparatively hasty black nasta‘līq with red subheaders.

Decoration

The volume features a late Mughal-era style illuminated double-page opening and some 200 illustrations and diagrams. A majority of scenes, all executed by the same artist, primarily depict subjects set against miniature landscapes.

Illumination: Folios 1b to 2a feature an illuminated double-page opening, with finely executed floral scrollwork margins outlined in gold, with the text outlined in cloud bands with the interstices infilled with gold.

Folio 1b bears a gilt scalloped domed headpiece with floral scrollwork interspersed by scalloped lozenges bearing white scrollwork on an ultramarine ground, above a central cartouche panel inscribed with a basmalah, above a boldly gilt floral and palmetted border against an untramarine grouns, with the whole surmounted vertical radiating lines.

Ruling: Central text ruled in gold outlined with thin single interior and double exterior black lines, surrounded by single dark blue lines. Dark blue single lines appear on the outer margins from 2b onward.

Additions:
Inscriptions:
  • The right pastedown, Top: ‘£3..3..’
    Centre: title and author pencilled in an unidentified English hand.
    ‘Nawwab’ in English with the date ‘۱۸۰۵ (1805 CE)’ given in given in Hindu-Arabic numerals underneath (and surprising given the East India Company watermark dated 1827 evident in the pastedown underneath).
  • The right flyleaf a side (f. ia) repeats the title and author's name in the same unidentified English hand as on the right pastedown opposite.
Bookplates: The left pastedown: ‘Bibliotheca Lindesiana’ with pencilled shelfmark ‘F/12’, and ‘Bland MSS No. 14’, with the name and number crossed out and ‘Persian’ and ‘4’ written aside.

Binding

Probably bound in a hybrid British-Indian style in the Indian subcontinent for an unidentified British owner after 1827, the date of the East India Company watermarks apparent on the right pastedown and first right flyleaf b side (f.ib).

Endpapers of medium-weight, straight-grained, ivoury coloured paper with ~10 laid lines per cm and 26 mm between chain lines, watermarked with the East India Company ‘VEIC’ insignia, the maker's name ‘E. WISE 1827, manufactured by Edward Wise (1785–1863), who then owned and operated the Padsole Mill, Maidstone, Kent.
147 × 91 mm.
Sewn on three tapes or flat thongs, rounded and backed, then laced into pasteboards. Edges trimmed, coloured bright yellow, then front-bead decorative endbands sewn in blue and white threads at head and tail. Covered in full crimson goatskin leather, tight-backed and tight-jointed, with squares along the edges but without a flap (Type III binding per Déroche).

Exterior boards decorated in a fully gilt Cambridge panel-inspired design, with European tools, with central floral designs made of four impressions of the same tool, and margins and mitres executed with a seried of decorative rolls, including dots, meanders, and foliate scrollwork, all hand-tooled in gold leaf. Spine divided into seven panels and palleted with meanders and dotted lines and serpentine lines on either side, and large, open quatrefoil designs in the centres, also hand-tooled in gold leaf. Untitled.

331 × 215 × 32 mm.

Handle binding with caution. In fair but stable condition, with extensive abrasion and insect damage to the exterior, and sight sewing in the interior.

History

Origin: Completed in the Indian subcontinent; 8 Ẕī-al-Qa‘dah, 45th year of the reign of Shāh ʻĀlam II, Emperor of Hindustan (b. 1728, r. 1759–1806) (19 Feb. 1804 CE).

Provenance and Acquisition

Evidently acquired by a British owner who inscribed the right pastedown ‘Nawwab’ in English and ‘۱۸۰۵ (1805 CE)’ given in given in Hindu Arabic numberals underneath, surprising given the East India Company watermark dated 1827 explicitly evident in the pastedown. Hence, it may represent a statement by the owner who had the volume rebound whilst in India. A price of ‘£3..3..’ at top suggests that the person returned to Britain with the volume and sold it.

Subsequently acquired from an unidentified source by scholar Nathaniel Bland (1803–1865) for his library at Randalls Park, Leatherhead.

After Bland's death, London bookseller Bernard Quaritch (1819–1899) sold his oriental manuscripts to Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford (1812–1880) in June, 1866, paid in two instalments of £450 and £400, and then moved to Bibliotheca Lindesiana at Haigh Hall, Wigan.

Purchased by Enriqueta Rylands (1843–1908) in 1901 from James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford (1847–1913).

Bequeathed by Enriqueta Rylands (1843–1908) in 1908 to the John Rylands Library, Manchester.

Record Sources

Bibliographical description based on an index created by Reza Navabpour circa 1993, derived from a manuscript catalogue by Michael Kerney, circa 1890s, concisely published as Bibliotheca Lindesiana, Hand-list of Oriental Manuscripts: Arabic, Persian, Turkish, 1898.

Manuscript description by Jake Benson in 2024 with reference to the volume in hand.

Availability

To book an in-person or online appointment to consult the manuscript, visit Using the Special Collections Reading Rooms. For any other enquiries please email uml.special-collections@manchester.ac.uk.

Custodial History

Exhibited in Gilded Word and Radiant Image, sponsored by Altajir Trust, 9 Sept. to 21 Dec. 1992.

Digital Images

Manchester Digital Collections (full digital facsimile).

Bibliography

    I. Afshār, ʿAǰāʾeb al-Maḵlūqāt: ii Persian Works, Encyclopædia Iranica Vol. I, Fasc. 7 (1985), pp. 696–699.
    M. Bayānī, and Ḥ. M. Ardakānī, Kitābshināsī-yi Kitāb'hā-yi Khaṭṭī. ([Tehran]: [Dānishgāh-i Tihrān], 1353 SH [1974 CE]), p. 39.
    A. F. L. Beeston, Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindûstânî, and Pushtû Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Part III (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954), p. 15 no. 2506 [Bodleian Ms. Pers. d. 61].
    P. Berlekamp, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos in Medieval Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
    C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur (1892–1902) GAL I.478; GAL Supp. I. 878.
    C. Brockelmann, Brockelmann in English: The History of the Arabic Written Tradition Online Translated by J. J. Witkam. (Leiden: Brill 2017), pp. 882–883, no. 12.
    V. Gupta, 'Remapping the World in a Fifteenth-Century Cosmography: Genres and Networks between Deccan India and Iran', Indo-Persian Manuscripts special issue of Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2021): pp. 151–168.
    Rukn al-Dīn Humāyūnfarrukh, Rāhnimā-yi Kitāb Vol. 14, Nos. 4–6 (1350 SH [June–Sept. 1971]): p. 245.
    C. Rieu, Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the British Museum, Vol. II (London: British Museum, 1881), p. 464 [British Library Add. 23564].
    C. Rieu, Supplement to the Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the British Museum (London: British Museum, 1894), pp. 473–474 nos. 698–699 [British Library Or. 1527 and Or. 4217].
    B. W. Robinson, Persian Paintings in the John Rylands Library: A Descriptive Catalogue (London: Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications, 1980), pp. 295–330, nos. 1126–1480.
    K. Rührdanz, 'Illustrated Persian ‘Ajā’ib al-Makhlūqāt Manuscripts and their Function in Early Modern Times', Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period, Edited by Andrew J. Newman (Leiden: Brill, 2003), pp. 33–47.
    K. Rührdanz, 'An Ottoman Illustrated Version of al-Ṭūsī’s ‘Ajā’ib al-Makhlūqāt', Mélanges Prof. Machiel Kiel, Edited. A. Temimi et al. (Zaghouan: Fondation Temimi pour la recherche scientifique et l'information 1999), pp. 455–475.
    K. Rührdanz, 'Zakariyyā al-Qazwīni on the Inhabitants of the Supralunar World: From the First Persian Version (659/1260–61) to the Second Arabic Redaction (678/1279–80)'. The Intermediate Worlds of Angels: Islamic Representations of Celestial Beings in Transcultural Contexts: Beiruter Texte Und Studien 114, edited by Sara Kuehn, Stefan Leder, and Hans-Peter Pokel (2019): pp. 384–402.
    E. Sachau and H. Ethé, Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindûstani, and Pushtû manuscripts in the Bodleian Library Vol I (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1889), col. 399, no. 397 [Bodleian Ouseley 312].
    Kidambi Srinivasa Santha, The B (Varanasi: Bharati Prakashan , 1980): 57, 304 n99.
    C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey, Vol. II, Pt. 1 (London: Luzac & Co., 1953), p. 126.
    N. Titley, Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India: The British Library Collections (London: British Library, 1983), pp. 87–91, no. 238 [British Library Add. 23564].
    T. Zadeh, Wonders and Rarities: The Marvelous Book That Traveled the World and Mapped the Cosmos. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022.

Funding of Cataloguing

Iran Heritage Foundation

The John Rylands Research Institute

The Persian Heritage Foundation


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